ABSTRACT
With frequent outbreaks of COVID-19, the rapid and effective construction of large-space buildings into Fangcang shelter hospitals has gradually become one of the effective means to control the epidemic. Reasonable design of the ventilation system of the Fangcang shelter hospital can optimize the indoor airflow organization, so that the internal environment can meet the comfort of patients and at the same time can effectively discharge pollutants, which is particularly important for the establishment of the Fangcang shelter hospital. In this paper, through the reconstruction of a large-space gymnasium, CFD software is used to simulate the living environment and pollutant emission efficiency of the reconstructed Fangcang shelter hospital in summer under different air supply temperatures, air supply heights and exhaust air volume parameters. The results show that when the air supply parameters are set to an air supply height of 4.5 m, an air supply temperature of 18 °C, and an exhaust air volume of a single bed of 150 m3/h, the thermal comfort can reach level I, and the ventilation efficiency for pollutants can reach 69.6%. In addition, the ventilation efficiency is 70.1% and 70.3% when the exhaust air volume of a single bed is continuously increased to 200 and 250 m3/h, which can no longer effectively improve the pollutant emission and will cause an uncomfortable blowing feeling to patients. © 2023 by the authors.
ABSTRACT
The COVID-19 pandemic has demonstrated the demand for more effective procedures for sanitizing environments, especially high-risk ones, such as hospitals. Several products are used as disinfectants, with ozone being one of the strongest oxidants known. High relative humidity helps reduce the contact time required for viruses and bacteria inactivation with ozone. Thus, this work aimed to analyze the dispersion of an ozonized mist by CFD simulation to sanitize a hospital operating room. To our best knowledge, for the first time, the dispersion of an ozonized mist was investigated by CFD. The mathematical and numerical models were validated with results from the literature. The decay kinetics of the ozonized mist was obtained experimentally, resulting in a first order reaction with a kinetic constant of 2.66 × 10−4 s−1. The numerical results of concentration on the surfaces were analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively, providing relevant information about the fluid dynamics of the sanitizing process. Ozone mist concentrations were higher on the walls close to the generator and lower on the furthest walls and the ceiling. The ozone mist concentration in the room reached an average of 11 mg/L. Five minutes of ozone mist generation and another five minutes of decay by air circulation were sufficient to provide an increase in ozone mist to concentrations above 4 mg/L, considered satisfactory for the sanitization of the operating room surfaces. [ FROM AUTHOR] Copyright of Ozone: Science & Engineering is the property of Taylor & Francis Ltd and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full . (Copyright applies to all s.)
ABSTRACT
Understanding of the droplet transmission of respiratory diseases is necessary to control the outbreak of COVID-19. HVAC systems considering droplet transmission are commonly used to prevent numerous respiratory diseases by reducing indoor virus concentrations. The transmission of the virus was directly related to indoor flow patterns generated by HVAC systems. Thus, a study on operating conditions such as direction or the tilt angle was required. In this study, the effective ventilation rate and probability of droplet transmission according to the tilt angle of supply air and the number of people were studied. A CO2 tracer gas method was used to validate the results of simulations. The breathing plane and personal respiratory zone were introduced for the probability of droplet transmission. The result showed that ventilation performance showed 17% of the maximum difference among tilt angles. Various turbulent kinetic energies were obtained according to the seated positions, resulting in non-uniform CO2 concentration. Numerous conditions were examined with locational analysis of individuals. As a result, the flow rates for ventilation were recommended to be higher than 250 m3/h and 350 m3/h with a tilt angle of 60degree for an occupancy of 8 and 16 people, respectively.Copyright © The Author(s) 2022.
ABSTRACT
The wind environment in residential areas can exert a direct or indirect influence on the spread of epidemics, with some scholars paying particular attention to the epidemic prevention and control of residential areas from the perspective of wind environments. As a result, it is urgent to re-examine the epidemic prevention response of residential spaces. Taking high-rise residential areas in Xi'an as an example, the article defines the air flow field area based on on-site wind environment measurements, crowd behavior annotation, and CFD simulation. Using the double-effect superposition of crowd behavior and risk space, the paper undertook a multiple identification strategy of epidemic prevention space. The identification methods and management and control strategies of epidemic prevention in high-rise residential areas are proposed. Additionally, the living environment of residential areas is optimized, and a healthy residential space is created. The transformation from concept and calls for action to space implementation is made to provide a reference for improving the space management and control capabilities in high-rise residential areas in China. The results of this study can be used as a guideline for future residential planning and design from the perspective of preventing airborne diseases.
ABSTRACT
Many dental procedures are aerosol-generating and pose a risk for the spread of airborne diseases, including COVID-19. Several aerosol mitigation strategies are available to reduce aerosol dispersion in dental clinics, such as increasing room ventilation and using extra-oral suction devices and high-efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filtration units. However, many questions remain unanswered, including what the optimal device flow rate is and how long after a patient exits the room it is safe to start treatment of the next patient. This study used computational fluid dynamics (CFD) to quantify the effectiveness of room ventilation, an HEPA filtration unit, and two extra-oral suction devices to reduce aerosols in a dental clinic. Aerosol concentration was quantified as the particulate matter under 10 µm (PM10) using the particle size distribution generated during dental drilling. The simulations considered a 15 min procedure followed by a 30 min resting period. The efficiency of aerosol mitigation strategies was quantified by the scrubbing time, defined as the amount of time required to remove 95% of the aerosol released during the dental procedure. When no aerosol mitigation strategy was applied, PM10 reached 30 µg/m3 after 15 min of dental drilling, and then declined gradually to 0.2 µg/m3 at the end of the resting period. The scrubbing time decreased from 20 to 5 min when the room ventilation increased from 6.3 to 18 air changes per hour (ACH), and decreased from 10 to 1 min when the flow rate of the HEPA filtration unit increased from 8 to 20 ACH. The CFD simulations also predicted that the extra-oral suction devices would capture 100% of the particles emanating from the patient's mouth for device flow rates above 400 L/min. In summary, this study demonstrates that aerosol mitigation strategies can effectively reduce aerosol concentrations in dental clinics, which is expected to reduce the risk of spreading COVID-19 and other airborne diseases.
ABSTRACT
The spread of the COVID-19 pandemic is mainly due to the direct transmission routes of SARS-CoV-2 virus-carrying aerosols in indoor environments. In this study, the effect of indoor relative humidity (RH∞) on the number concentration, size distribution, and trajectory of sneeze droplets was studied in a confined space experimentally and numerically. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations using the renormalization group k-ε turbulence model by considering the one-way and two-way (humidity) coupling models were performed to assess the effects of humidity fields on the propagation of droplets. Number concentration profiles indicated that the RH∞ affected the dispersion modes of droplets differently for the puff, droplet cloud, fully-dispersed, and dilute-dispersed droplets phases identified by the shadowgraph imaging technique. The two-way (humidity) coupling model led to a close agreement with the experimental data in all phases. In particular, the two-way coupling provided better agreement with the data in the puff phase compared to the one-way coupling model. However, the one-way coupling model was sufficient for studying the motion of airborne droplets in the other phases. The velocity fields in the droplet cloud were more sensitive to RH∞ than the puff and fully-dispersed droplets phases. Also, the effect of RH∞ on the maximum spreading distance of droplets, dmax,sp, in the puff was insignificant, while its effect became dominant in the dilute-dispersed droplets phase. A dynamic change in the velocity profile of the sneeze jet was seen at a critical relative humidity RH∞,crit of about 48%. At RH∞< RH∞,crit, the number concentration of aerosolized droplets increases, significantly affecting the size distribution and the velocity of droplets. At RH∞≥ RH∞,crit, the effect of evaporation time on the number concentration, and diameter of droplets was negligible. At RH∞ of 24 and 64%, dmax,sp was 2.14 m (7 feet) and 3.05 m (10 feet), respectively. However, a dry indoor environment led to an increase in evaporation rate and more than four times number concentration of aerosolized droplets compared to a humid environment. Thus, the risk of direct transmission of Covid-19 in a humid indoor environment was higher than the dry conditions, which suggested the requirements for incorporating the RH∞ effect in the social distancing guideline.
ABSTRACT
The current COVID-19 pandemic has underlined the importance of learning more about aerosols and particles that migrate through the airways when a person sneezes, coughs and speaks. The coronavirus transmission is influenced by particle movement, which contributes to the emergence of regulations on social distance, use of masks and face shield, crowded assemblies, and daily social activity in domestic, public, and corporate areas. Understanding the transmission of aerosols under different micro-environmental conditions, closed, or ventilated, has become extremely important to regulate safe social distances. The present work attempts to simulate the airborne transmission of coronavirus-laden particles under different respiratory-related activities, i.e., coughing and speaking, using CFD modelling through OpenFOAM v8. The dispersion coupled with the Discrete Phase Method (DPM) has been simulated to develop a better understanding of virus carrier particles transmission processes and their path trailing under different ventilation scenarios. The preliminary results of this study with respect to flow fields were in close agreement with published literature, which was then extended under varied ventilation scenarios and respiratory-related activities. The study observed that improper wearing of mask leads to escape of SARS-CoV-2 containminated aerosols having a smaller aerodynamic diameter from the gap between face mask and face, infecting different surfaces in the vicinity. It was also observed that aerosol propagation infecting the area through coughing is a faster phenomenon compared to the propagation of coronavirus-laden particles during speaking. The study's findings will help decision-makers formulate common but differentiated guidelines for safe distancing under different micro-environmental conditions.
ABSTRACT
The latest COVID-19 pandemic has forced most of the countries to in state lockdown since there was no antidote for this virus until recent vaccine launch from Pfizer. Protecting from the virus only achieved by keeping social distance, wearing masks and ensuring personal hygiene. While the entire world is facing this pandemic together and the war against COVID is now multidisciplinary, there are new variant for virus is formed which has 70% more spreading capacity than the current one and hence it is extremely important to practice the self-precaution mentioned above. A detailed simulation analysis on such prevention practices such as ventilation systems, social distances and respiratory mask simulations has been done in this chapter. In addition to that some of the antiviral material that can be used for antiviral mask production has also been investigated in this chapter. © 2022, The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.
ABSTRACT
Understanding of the droplet transmission of respiratory diseases is necessary to control the outbreak of COVID-19. HVAC systems considering droplet transmission are commonly used to prevent numerous respiratory diseases by reducing indoor virus concentrations. The transmission of the virus was directly related to indoor flow patterns generated by HVAC systems. Thus, a study on operating conditions such as direction or the tilt angle was required. In this study, the effective ventilation rate and probability of droplet transmission according to the tilt angle of supply air and the number of people were studied. A CO2 tracer gas method was used to validate the results of simulations. The breathing plane and personal respiratory zone were introduced for the probability of droplet transmission. The result showed that ventilation performance showed 17% of the maximum difference among tilt angles. Various turbulent kinetic energies were obtained according to the seated positions, resulting in non-uniform CO2 concentration. Numerous conditions were examined with locational analysis of individuals. As a result, the flow rates for ventilation were recommended to be higher than 250 m(3)/h and 350 m(3)/h with a tilt angle of 60 degrees for an occupancy of 8 and 16 people, respectively.
ABSTRACT
The SARS-CoV-2 infection pandemic has led to significant loss of lives and worldwide economic disruption. The leading cause of transmission of infectious respiratory diseases is through aerosolized mucous and salivary droplets containing the virus emitted into the environment through respiratory activities. Depending on their initial size, the droplets evaporate or fall to the ground due to gravitational sedimentation. When a droplet evaporates, the droplet nucleus containing all the viruses in the original droplet remains airborne in the environment for a long duration of time. The ventilation system significantly affects the dispersion and removal of particles from the environment. Therefore, poorly ventilated indoor environments increase the risk of disease transmission. The present study modeled a ventilated small office space with two mannequins sitting across a table. It was assumed that one of the mannequins was speaking and emitting small droplets. Then the effect of the ventilation system on the droplets' transport and dispersion was simulated. In particular, the performance of the displacement and mixing ventilation systems on particle dispersion and deposition in the room were evaluated and compared. These simulations were performed using the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) approach with Ansys-Fluent software. The Eulerian approach was used to simulate the airflow field in the room, and the Lagrangian trajectory analysis approach was used for the droplets. Experimental data of the thermal plume above the mannequin's head were used to validate the airflow simulation results. The results showed that the displacement ventilation system has better performance (almost three times more) in removing particles from the environment than the mixing ventilation system. Copyright © 2022 by ASME.
ABSTRACT
Covid-19 spread mainly from person to person, specially through respiratory droplets produced when an infected person coughs and sneezes. Those droplets can drop/land in the surroundings people who are nearby or possibly be inhaled into the lungs. It has been confirmed that the droplets come out from an infected person coughs and sneeze. The possibility of spread can travel 6 feet (1.83 meter) based on the assumption that the no air circulation exists around people. A validated computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model is employed to investigate the transient transport and deposition of droplets emitted by infected people's sneezes and coughs with different atmosphere with distinguished wind velocities and RH. The computational simulation is able to perform the effect of wind speed and relative humidity on the social distancing to prevent Covid-19 airborne transmission. It is shown from the result that the droplet transmission leading to virus concentrations in the air is sufficient to transmit the infections to the people more than 6 feet away. © 2022 Begell House Inc.. All rights reserved.
ABSTRACT
One of the main issues addressed by the recent COVID-19 pandemic which affected the whole world is the availability of Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) (e.g., face masks, white coats, or disposable gloves). This issue impacts on sustainability from different perspectives, such as more generated waste or environmental pollution, both for manufacturing and disposal, or more inequalities deriving from who can afford and access PPE and who cannot, since many shortages were recorded during the pandemic as well as fluctuating unit prices. Moreover, quite often PPE intended for single use are improperly used more times, thus generating a biological risk of infection. In an attempt to propose an innovative solution to face this problem, in this paper the re-design of an oven originally intended for food purposes is presented, with the aim of operating a thermal sanitization of PPE. The machinery and its components are detailed, together with physical and microbiological tests performed on non-woven PPE to assess the effect of treatment on mechanical properties and viral load. The pilot machinery turned out to be effective in destroying a bovine coronavirus at 95°C and thus reducing contaminating risk in one hour without compromising the main properties of PPE, opening perspectives for the commercialization of the solution in the near future.
ABSTRACT
The management of the global energy resources has stimulated the emergence of various agreements in favor of the environment. Among the most famous are the Conference of Parties (COP) and Route 2030, which aim to limit global warming to 1.5 °C by reducing the energy consumption and global emission levels. In order to comply with the international standards for energy consumption and pollutant emissions, the Brazilian government has been promoting the expansion of biofuels in the national energy matrix. Considering this scenario, the development of a novel internal combustion engine for the exclusive use of ethanol as a fuel, equipped with state-of-the-art technologies and employing modern design concepts, consists of an innovative and promising pathway for future Brazilian mobility, from both environmental and technological outlooks. In this sense, this work presents a method to determine the main engine dimensions as part of the initial process for a new ethanol prototype engine development. The Brazilian biofuel was selected due to its physicochemical properties, which allow the engine to achieve higher loads, and also due to its large availability as a renewable energy source in the country. Furthermore, a port water injection system was fitted to the engine in order to assist the combustion process by mitigating the knock tendency. The predicted overall engine performance was obtained by carrying out a GT-PowerTM 1D-CFD simulation, whose results pointed to a maximum torque of 279 Nm from 2000 to 4000 rpm and an indicated peak power of 135 kW at 5500 rpm. With a maximum water-to-fuel ratio of 19.2%, the engine was able to perform its entire full load curve at the MBT condition, a fact that makes the WI approach along with the ethanol fuel a very attractive solution. As a result of the specific design and optimization of each geometric parameter for this unique ethanol engine, a maximum indicated fuel conversion efficiency of 45.3% was achieved. Moreover, the engine was capable of achieving over 40% of the indicated fuel conversion efficiency in almost its entire full load curve.
ABSTRACT
Infectious aerosol dispersion poses significant infection risks (i.e., COVID-19) in classrooms due to dense and long occupancy. Natural ventilation is an effective strategy to reduce airborne infection transmission. The building-related parameters, particularly openings, determine the natural ventilation effectiveness in reducing contaminant dispersion, necessitating an inquiry due to complex dispersion and airflow patterns. This paper investigates the correlation between window height, natural ventilation, and COVID-19 dispersion. A simulation pipeline involving a parametric 3D design environment, computational fluid dynamics (CFD), and energy simulations is developed and implemented on nine design scenarios representing different inlet-outlet heights of a free-running (no heating, cooling or mechanical ventilation) classroom. The inlet height and the inlet-outlet height difference have a considerable impact on indoor infection risk confirming that stack ventilation and the Bernoulli effect decrease indoor contaminant concentration. Proximity to openings does not ensure lower contamination levels. Proximity to the contaminant does not result in higher contamination levels.
ABSTRACT
The COVID-19 pandemic has demonstrated the demand for more effective procedures for sanitizing environments, especially high-risk ones, such as hospitals. Several products are used as disinfectants, with ozone being one of the strongest oxidants known. High relative humidity helps reduce the contact time required for viruses and bacteria inactivation with ozone. Thus, this work aimed to analyze the dispersion of an ozonized mist by CFD simulation to sanitize a hospital operating room. To our best knowledge, for the first time, the dispersion of an ozonized mist was investigated by CFD. The mathematical and numerical models were validated with results from the literature. The decay kinetics of the ozonized mist was obtained experimentally, resulting in a first order reaction with a kinetic constant of 2.66 × 10−4 s−1. The numerical results of concentration on the surfaces were analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively, providing relevant information about the fluid dynamics of the sanitizing process. Ozone mist concentrations were higher on the walls close to the generator and lower on the furthest walls and the ceiling. The ozone mist concentration in the room reached an average of 11 mg/L. Five minutes of ozone mist generation and another five minutes of decay by air circulation were sufficient to provide an increase in ozone mist to concentrations above 4 mg/L, considered satisfactory for the sanitization of the operating room surfaces. [ FROM AUTHOR] Copyright of Ozone: Science & Engineering is the property of Taylor & Francis Ltd and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full . (Copyright applies to all s.)
ABSTRACT
The influencing mechanism of droplet transmissions inside crowded and poorly ventilated buses on infection risks of respiratory diseases is still unclear. Based on experiments of one-infecting-seven COVID-19 outbreak with an index patient at bus rear, we conducted CFD simulations to investigate integrated effects of initial droplet diameters(tracer gas, 5 µm, 50 µm and 100 µm), natural air change rates per hour(ACH = 0.62, 2.27 and 5.66 h-1 related to bus speeds) and relative humidity(RH = 35% and 95%) on pathogen-laden droplet dispersion and infection risks. Outdoor pressure difference around bus surfaces introduces natural ventilation airflow entering from bus-rear skylight and leaving from the front one. When ACH = 0.62 h-1(idling state), the 30-min-exposure infection risk(TIR) of tracer gas is 15.3%(bus rear) - 11.1%(bus front), and decreases to 3.1%(bus rear)-1.3%(bus front) under ACH = 5.66 h-1(high bus speed).The TIR of large droplets(i.e., 100 µm/50 µm) is almost independent of ACH, with a peak value(â¼3.1%) near the index patient, because over 99.5%/97.0% of droplets deposit locally due to gravity. Moreover, 5 µm droplets can disperse further with the increasing ventilation. However, TIR for 5 µm droplets at ACH = 5.66 h-1 stays relatively small for rear passengers(maximum 0.4%), and is even smaller in the bus middle and front(<0.1%). This study verifies that differing from general rooms, most 5 µm droplets deposit on the route through the long-and-narrow bus space with large-area surfaces(Lâ¼11.4 m). Therefore, tracer gas can only simulate fine droplet with little deposition but cannot replace 5-100 µm droplet dispersion in coach buses.
ABSTRACT
Purpose>Biocontaminants represent higher risks to occupants' health in shared spaces. Natural ventilation is an effective strategy against indoor air biocontamination. However, the relationship between natural ventilation and indoor air contamination requires an in-depth investigation of the behavior of airborne infectious diseases, particularly concerning the contaminant's viral and aerodynamic characteristics. This research investigates the effectiveness of natural ventilation in preventing infection risks for coronavirus disease (COVID-19) through indoor air contamination of a free-running, naturally-ventilated room (where no space conditioning is used) that contains a person having COVID-19 through building-related parameters.Design/methodology/approach>This research adopts a case study strategy involving a simulation-based approach. A simulation pipeline is implemented through a number of design scenarios for an open office. The simulation pipeline performs integrated contamination analysis, coupling a parametric 3D design environment, computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and energy simulations. The results of the implemented pipeline for COVID-19 are evaluated for building and environment-related parameters. Study metrics are identified as indoor air contamination levels, discharge period and the time of infection.Findings>According to the simulation results, higher indoor air temperatures help to reduce the infection risk. Free-running spring and fall seasons can pose higher infection risk as compared to summer. Higher opening-to-wall ratios have higher potential to reduce infection risk. Adjacent window configuration has an advantage over opposite window configuration. As a design strategy, increasing opening-to-wall ratio has a higher impact on reducing the infection risk as compared to changing the opening configuration from opposite to adjacent. However, each building setup is a unique case that requires a systematic investigation to reliably understand the complex airflow and contaminant dispersion behavior. Metrics, strategies and actions to minimize indoor contamination risks should be addressed in future building standards. The simulation pipeline developed in this study has the potential to support decision-making during the adaptation of existing buildings to pandemic conditions and the design of new buildings.Originality/value>The addressed need of investigation is especially crucial for the COVID-19 that is contagious and hazardous in shared indoors due to its aerodynamic behavior, faster transmission rates and high viral replicability. This research contributes to the current literature by presenting the simulation-based results for COVID-19 as investigated through building-related and environment-related parameters against contaminant concentration levels, the discharge period and the time of infection. Accordingly, this research presents results to provide a basis for a broader understanding of the correlation between the built environment and the aerodynamic behavior of COVID-19.
ABSTRACT
The world is now facing the Covid-19 pandemic and the control of Covid-19 spread in health care facilities is a serious concern. The ventilation system in hospital isolation rooms with infectious patients plays a significant role in minimizing the spread of viruses and the risk of infection in hospital. In this study, computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation is applied to investigate the important factors on transport and evaporation of multi-component cough droplets in the isolation room with different ventilation configurations. We analyzed the effects of various air outlet positions on the removal efficiency of infectious droplets in isolation room and proposed the optimum location of exhaust vent in hospital isolation room to maximize the droplet removal efficiencies. We found that the evaporation rate of droplets is strongly dependent on the relative humidity (RH) and, at low RH, the large-sized droplets with Covid-19 virus can evaporate quickly and become small-sized aerosols to stay in air for a long time and the Covid-19 can propagate more easily through the respiratory organs during breathing. It also explains why the Covid-19 can propagate faster in winter with low humidity than in summer with high humidity.
ABSTRACT
In this study, the motion and distribution of droplets containing coronaviruses emitted by coughing of an infected person in front of a classroom (e.g., a teacher) were investigated using CFD. A 3D turbulence model was used to simulate the airflow in the classroom, and a Lagrangian particle trajectory analysis method was used to track the droplets. The numerical model was validated and was used to study the effects of ventilation airflow speeds of 3, 5, and 7 m/s on the dispersion of droplets of different sizes. In particular, the effect of installing transparent barriers in front of the seats on reducing the average droplet concentration was examined. The results showed that using the seat partitions for individuals can prevent the infection to a certain extent. An increase in the ventilation air velocity increased the droplets' velocities in the airflow direction, simultaneously reducing the trapping time of the droplets by solid barriers. As expected, in the absence of partitions, the closest seats to the infected person had the highest average droplet concentration (3.80 × 10-8 kg/m3 for the case of 3 m/s).
Subject(s)
COVID-19 , Humans , SARS-CoV-2 , VentilationABSTRACT
Safe urban public spaces are vital owing to their impacts on public health, especially during pandemics such as the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. Urban public spaces and urbanscape elements must be designed with the risk of viral transmission in mind. This work therefore examines how the design of urbanscape elements can be revisited to control COVID-19 transmission dynamics. Nine proposed models of urban public seating were thus presented and assessed using a transient three-dimensional computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model, with the Eulerian-Lagrangian method and discrete phase model (DPM). The proposed seating models were evaluated by their impact on the normalized air velocity, the diameter of coughing droplets, and deposition fraction. Each of the proposed models demonstrated an increase in the normalized velocity, and a decrease in the deposition fraction by >29%. Diagonal cross linear and curved triangle configurations demonstrated an improved airflow momentum and turbulent flow, which decreased the droplets deposition fraction by 68%, thus providing an improved, healthier urban public seating option.